For each year and over the entire time period gave comparable results. In interpreting the above listed exposure assessment findings, it is important to consider that measurements from monitoring stations should not necessarily be considered as the gold-standard. The differences between the measured and estimated air pollutant levels may be partially explained by the fact that a point measurement is compared to a mean concentration modeled in volumetric grid cell. The former unlikely represents the average concentration over the same volume of air, making it difficult to obtain a perfect match between the two methods. The ability of the model to deeply take into account meteorological variables could also play an important role [65].Internal dose of metals/elementsAs part of the routine protocol, for each subject presenting at the center a 50 ml urine sample and a hair sample are collected, in order to quantify metals in urine and hair. Urine gives short term information (few hours before sample collection). Hair is also regarded as a valuable matrix as during its growth (about 1 cm per month)Figure 4 Estimated and observed daily mean PM10 concentrations (2010?012). Daily mean PM10 concentrations of all monitors and of all grid cells with a monitor falling into their boundary. Darker area highlights winter months, characterized by major differences between the two methods of exposure assessment.Bollati et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one Ruthenium(III) chloride 5-bromothiophene-3-carboxylic acid p-(Acetylamino)phenylboronic acid (S)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(4-(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethoxy)phenyl)propanoic acid Methyl 6-formylnicotinate Pyridine 14:1137 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/Page 10 ofit accumulates toxic substances. We analyze a lock of hair (a 3 cm-length segment), cut next to the root in the occipital area of the head, roughly corresponding Boc-D-Lys-OH to 3 months of exposure. The parallel quantification of metals in urine and hair gives complementary data on medium- and short-term exposure. Trace metals/elements measured by ICP/MS include: Aluminum, Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Platinum, Thallium, Uranium, Nickel, Silver, Titanium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Chromium, Vanadium, Molybdenum, Boron, Iodine, Lithium, Phosphorus, Selenium, Strontium, Sulfur, Barium, Cobalt, Iron, Germanium, Rubidium, Zirconium.Ethical issuesevents. All publishable material and reports will be put online as they are produced. Ethyl 5-(aminomethyl)furan-2-carboxylate hydrochloride The results from the project will be converted into user-friendly protocols and published in press releases, educational programs, conferences, and scientific journals.Opportunities to collaborateThe study design, research aims and measurements have been approved by the local Institutional Review Board (`Fondazione IRCCS C?Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico' review board). Each participant was asked to sign a written informed consent explaining the study in detail. New measurements will only be embedded in the study after approval of the Ethical Committee.Data management and privacy protectionWe designed SPHERE being aware that much of its value would arise from involvement with other investigators, individually and within consortia. The SPHERE project is open for collaboration with interested investigators. Given the detailed epidemiological data available, such as the clinical information collected, and the molecular data, PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25116583 SPHERE will provide a good environment for collaborations. Proposals from outside the study team for research projects to test specific hypotheses on SPHERE PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8833965 population will be reviewed by our research team. Requests can be sent to the e-mail sphe.